دانلود کتاب Integrated Procedures in Facial Cosmetic Surgery

 Table of contents :
Foreword
A Word About Our Talented Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Videos
Part I: Introduction
1: Facial Cosmetic Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Past, Present, and Future
1.1 Plastic Surgery
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Historical Evidence
1.1.2.1 Edwin Smith Papyrus
1.1.2.2 Iran
1.1.2.3 Sushruta: Father of Surgery
1.1.2.4 Barbaric Customs
1.1.2.5 Greco-Roman Period
1.1.2.6 Early Middle Ages: Fall of Rome, Christianity Spread
1.1.2.7 Renaissance: The Rise of Barber-Surgeons
1.1.2.8 Gaspare Tagliacozzi: The Pioneer of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
1.1.3 Terminology
1.1.4 The Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries
1.1.4.1 World War Impacts
1.1.5 Achievements in Anesthesia and Infection Prevention
1.1.6 Growth in Demand for Cosmetic Surgery in the West
1.1.7 The First Specialized Text About Cosmetic Surgery
1.1.8 Johns Hopkins University
1.1.9 First Modern Procedures
1.1.10 Initiation of the Publications
1.1.11 Formation of Boards and Associations
1.1.12 Modern Facial Plastic Surgery
1.1.12.1 Jacques Joseph
1.1.12.2 Leading Surgeons
1.1.13 Public Awareness About Plastic Surgery
1.1.13.1 The 2000s: Growing Popularity of Cosmetic Surgery
1.1.14 Current State: New Trends, Minimally Invasive Procedures
1.1.15 Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Surgery
1.1.16 Prospect
1.2 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1.2.1 Overview
1.2.2 Exploration in History
1.2.2.1 Islamic Period
1.2.2.2 Renaissance Period
1.2.2.3 United States: Since the 1800s
1.2.3 Evolvement: Ups and Downs
1.2.4 Associations and Organizations
1.2.5 Aim and Scope
1.2.6 Evolution, Improvements, and Spread
1.2.7 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Bridge Between Medical and Dental Fields
1.3 Cosmetic and Reconstructive Aspect of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
References
2: Multidisciplinary Approach: A New Shift in Facial Cosmetic Surgery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Trust and Team Trust
2.3 The Ability to Overcome Adversity
2.4 The Ability to Overcome Personal Differences and Team Work
2.5 Collective Leadership and Exchange
2.6 Inspiration
2.7 Conclusion
References
Part II: Principles and Baselines
3: Facial Aesthetic Units
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Facial Aesthetic Units
3.2.1 Forehead Unit
3.2.2 Nasal Unit
3.2.3 Upper and Lower Eyelid Units
3.2.4 Cheek Units
3.2.5 Lip Unit
3.2.6 Mental Unit
3.2.7 Auricular Units
3.2.8 Neck Unit
3.3 Novel Topography Regions of the Face and Neck
3.4 Clinical Applications
References
4: Facial Analysis and Clinical Evaluation Charts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basic Analysis
4.3 Dentofacial Deformities
4.3.1 Facial Height
4.3.2 Anterior-Posterior Relationship
4.3.2.1 Class III Sagittal Discrepancy
4.3.2.2 Class II Sagittal Discrepancy
4.4 The Facial Upper Third
4.4.1 Forehead
4.4.2 Eyebrows, Eyes, and Lids
4.5 Nose
4.5.1 Nasal Upper Third
4.5.2 Nasal Middle Third
4.5.3 Nasal Lower Third
4.5.3.1 The Nose-Upper Lip Relationship
4.6 Midface
4.6.1 Hinderer Analysis and Wilkinson Analysis
4.7 The Facial Lower Third
4.7.1 Lip Assessment
4.7.2 Smile
4.7.3 Chin
4.8 The Neck
References
5: Principles of Facial Photography
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Portraits
5.2.1 Equipment
5.2.2 Settings
5.2.3 Portrait Portfolio
5.3 Lips Photography
5.3.1 Equipment
5.3.2 Settings
5.3.3 Lips Portfolio
5.4 Teeth Photography
5.4.1 Equipment
5.4.2 Settings
5.4.3 Portrait Portfolio
5.5 Case Photography
References
6: The Anatomic Basis of Facial Surgical Complications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Skin
6.3 Bony Structures
6.4 Cartilaginous Structures
6.4.1 Nose
6.4.2 Ears
6.4.3 Temporomandibular Joint
6.5 Muscular Structures
6.5.1 The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System
6.5.2 The Muscles of Facial Expression
6.5.3 Muscles of Mastication
6.6 Vascular Structures
6.6.1 General Blood Supply to the Face
6.6.2 Blood Supply to the Orbit
6.6.3 Blood Supply to the Nose
6.6.4 The Venous System
6.7 Neurological Structures
6.7.1 The Great Auricular Nerve
6.7.2 The Facial Nerve
6.7.3 The Trigeminal Nerve
6.7.3.1 The Ophthalmic Division
6.7.3.2 The Maxillary Division
6.7.3.3 The Mandibular Division
6.8 Fat Pads of the Face
6.9 Retaining Ligaments of the Face
6.9.1 Periorbital Ligaments
6.9.2 Retaining Ligaments of the Midface
6.9.3 Retaining Ligaments of the Mandible
6.10 Summary
References
Part III: Facial Bone Contouring: Genioplasty
7: Augmentation Genioplasty
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clinical Evaluation
7.3 Surgical Technique
7.3.1 Chin and Mental Nerve Dissection Exposure
7.3.1.1 Extraoral Versus Intraoral Approach
7.3.1.2 Subperiosteal Dissection
7.3.1.3 Mental Nerve Dissection
7.3.1.4 Dissection and Protection
7.3.1.5 Dissection and Retraction
7.3.1.6 Identification Without Dissection
7.3.1.7 Dividing and Repairing
7.3.2 Osteotomy Design
7.3.3 Alloplastic Genioplasty
7.4 Fixation
7.5 Soft Tissue Management
References
8: Reduction Genioplasty
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods
8.2.1 Horizontal T Genioplasty
8.2.2 Zigzag Genioplasty
8.2.3 The V-Line Jaw Operation: Narrowing Genioplasty Using Mandible Reduction [7]
8.2.3.1 Vital Tips
References
9: Alloplastic Chin Augmentation
9.1 Patient Evaluation and Planning
9.2 Choosing an Implant
9.3 Surgical Approach
9.4 Complications
References
10: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Genioplasty
10.1 Case 1
10.1.1 Rhinoplasty Combined with Chin Implant
10.1.1.1 Major Deformity
10.1.1.2 Minor Deformity
10.1.1.3 History
10.1.2 Analysis of Preoperative Photos
10.1.3 Interval from Surgery to Postoperative Views
10.1.4 Analysis of Postoperative Views
10.1.5 Editors’ Note
10.1.6 Surgical Steps
10.2 Case 2
10.2.1 Reduction Genioplasty Combined with Rhinoplasty
10.2.1.1 History
10.2.2 Analysis of Preoperative Photos
10.2.3 Interval from Surgery to Postoperative Views
10.2.4 Analysis of Postoperative Views
10.2.5 Surgical Steps
References
Part IV: Facial Bone Contouring: Malarplasty
11: Malar Bone Augmentation Using Malar Osteotomies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Augmentation Malarplasty
11.2.1 Clinical Evaluation
11.2.2 Surgical Techniques
11.3 Computer-Assisted Malar Osteotomy
11.3.1 Virtual Planning
11.3.2 Surgical Technique
11.3.3 Augmentation of the Infraorbital Rim in Orthognathic Surgery
References
12: Malar Reduction
12.1 Applied Anatomy
12.1.1 Muscles Adjacent to Zygoma
12.1.2 Zygomaticofacial Foramen (ZFF)
12.1.3 Deep Facial Vein (DFV)
12.1.4 Maxillary Sinuses
12.2 Preoperative Facial Analysis
12.3 Radiologic Evaluation
12.4 Surgical Technique of L-Type Reduction Malarplasty
12.4.1 Step 1. Zygomatic Arch Osteotomy
12.4.2 Step 2. Zygomatic Body Osteotomy: L-Type Osteotomy
12.4.3 Step 3. Segment Repositioning: Three-Dimensional Reposition
12.4.4 Step 4. Internal Fixation: Non-rigid vs. Rigid Fixation, One Fixation vs. Two Fixations
12.5 Complications
12.5.1 Bleeding
12.5.2 Maxillary Sinusitis
12.5.3 Cheek Drooping
12.5.4 Nonunion
12.5.5 Malar Numbness
12.5.6 Asymmetry/Undercorrection/Overcorrection
References
Part V: Facial Bone Contouring: Other Aesthetic Units
13: Mandibular Angle Reduction
13.1 Background
13.1.1 Historical Background
13.1.2 Diagnosis and Determination of Reduction Amount
13.2 Soft Tissue Management for Prominent Mandibular Angle
13.2.1 Myotomy for the Masseter Muscle
13.2.2 Botulinum Toxin (BTX) Injection
13.2.3 Radiofrequency (RF) Therapy
13.3 Bone Resection for the Management of Prominent Mandibular Angle
13.3.1 Angloplasty Using CAD/CAM Technique
13.3.2 Lateral Corticotomy
13.4 Complications and Management
References
14: Mandibular Angle Augmentation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Surgical Technique
References
15: Paranasal, Malar, and Submalar Augmentation Using Implants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Techniques
15.2.1 Implant
15.2.1.1 Implants and Deficiencies
15.2.1.2 Surgery
15.2.2 Cheek Implants to Enhance Facelift Results
15.2.3 Cheek Implants to Enhance Orthognathic Surgery Results
15.2.4 U-Shaped Osteotomy (USO) in the Management of Paranasal Deficiency: An Alternative
References
16: Frontal Bossing Reduction
16.1 Background
16.2 Etiology
16.3 Anatomy
16.3.1 Frontal Bone
16.3.2 Frontal Sinus
16.4 Facial Analysis
16.4.1 Frontal View
16.4.1.1 Forehead Width
16.4.1.2 Forehead Height
16.4.2 Profile View
16.4.2.1 Forehead Inclination
16.4.2.2 Supraorbital Rim Projection
16.4.2.3 Morphology of the Glabellar-Nasal Radix Region
16.4.3 Superior View
16.4.3.1 Curvilinear Relationships
16.5 Surgical Management of Frontal Bossing
16.5.1 Hypersinus
16.5.1.1 Surgical Technique
16.5.2 Pneumosinus Dilatans
16.5.2.1 Grafts
16.5.2.2 Surgical Technique
16.5.3 Pneumocele [19]
16.5.3.1 Surgical Technique
16.5.3.2 Postsurgical Predictive Theoretical Thickness (PTT)
16.5.4 Endoscopic Surgery
16.5.4.1 Surgical Technique
References
17: Facial Prosthesis: Conventional Methods Versus 3D Concepts
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Developments
17.3 Types of Maxillofacial Prostheses
17.3.1 Palatal Obturator Prostheses
17.3.2 Tongue Prostheses
17.3.3 Mandibular Prostheses
17.3.4 Nasal Prostheses
17.3.5 Ocular Prostheses
17.3.6 Auricular Prostheses
17.3.7 Cranial Prosthesis
17.3.8 Complex Facial Prostheses
17.3.9 Radiotherapy Prostheses
17.4 The Materials
17.5 Fixation
17.6 Consideration
References
18: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Facial Contouring
18.1 Case
18.2 History
18.3 Analysis of Preoperative Photos
18.4 Analysis of Postoperative Views
18.5 Surgical Steps
18.6 Q/A Discussion
References
Part VI: New Trends in Rhinoplasty
19: Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty
19.1 Selecting the Appropriate Treatment
19.1.1 Anatomy
19.1.2 Nasal SMAS
19.1.3 Nasal Ligaments
19.1.4 Nasal Vascularity
19.2 Options for Augmentation Rhinoplasty
19.2.1 Use of Fillers
19.3 When Done Using Injections
19.3.1 Dorsum
19.3.2 Tip
19.3.3 Alar
19.4 Discussion
19.5 “HYAL Flooding Hypothesis”
19.6 Threads for the Nose [14] (Fig. 19.13)
References
20: Novel Techniques in Rhinoplasty
20.1 Novel Techniques in Nasal Tip Surgery
20.1.1 Three-Dimensional Cartilage Graft Technique
20.1.1.1 Surgical Technique
20.1.1.2 Advantages of the Technique
20.1.2 Lateral Crural Suspension Flap Technique
20.1.2.1 Surgical Methods
20.1.2.2 Restrictions
20.1.3 Lateral Crural Transposition Flap Technique (LLC)
20.1.3.1 Surgical Technique
20.1.4 The Sandwiched Lateral Crural Reinforcement Graft
20.1.4.1 Surgical Technique
20.1.4.2 Advantages of the Technique
20.1.4.3 Restrictions
20.1.5 Transcutaneous Alar Rim Graft (TARG)
20.1.5.1 Surgical Technique
20.1.5.2 Advantages
20.1.6 Vertical Alar Folding Technique
20.1.6.1 Surgical Technique
20.1.6.2 Advantages
20.2 New Methods in Lateral Osteotomy
20.2.1 The Intraoral Approach Using Diamond Burr in Lateral Osteotomy
20.2.1.1 Surgical Technique
20.2.1.2 Advantages of the Technique
20.2.2 Internal Osteotomy with Piezoelectric Surgery
20.2.2.1 Surgical Technique
20.2.2.2 Advantages
20.2.3 Splint-Guide Method in External Osteotomy
20.2.3.1 Surgical Technique
20.3 New Methods in Nasal Dorsum Surgery
20.3.1 Docile Splay Graft
20.3.1.1 Surgical Technique
20.3.1.2 Advantages of the Technique
20.3.2 Diced Cartilage Grafts Wrapped in AlloDerm
20.3.2.1 Surgical Technique
20.3.2.2 Advantages of the Technique
20.3.3 Spreader Graft Placement Without Dorsum Resection
20.3.3.1 Surgical Technique
20.3.3.2 Advantages of the Technique
20.3.4 Endonasal Spreader Graft Method Through Barbed Suture
20.3.4.1 Surgical Technique
20.4 Recent Advances in Nasal Base Surgery
20.4.1 Alar Release and Medialization
20.4.1.1 Surgical Technique
20.4.1.2 Indications
20.5 Novel Techniques in Asian Rhinoplasty
20.5.1 Modified Septal Extension Graft (SEG)
20.5.1.1 Surgical Techniques
20.5.1.2 Advantages
20.5.2 Hybrid Nasal Dorsal Graft
20.5.2.1 Nasal Tip Projection Using SEGs
20.5.2.2 Hybrid Autologous Nasal Dorsal Grafts
20.5.2.3 Advantages
20.5.2.4 Restrictions
20.5.3 Modified VDD Technique
20.5.3.1 Surgical Techniques
20.6 Preservation Rhinoplasty (PR)
20.6.1 Dorsum
20.6.2 Alar Cartilages
20.6.3 Pushdown Operation (PDO)
20.6.3.1 Surgical Techniques
Resection of Septal Cartilage
Bony Pyramid Mobilization
Dorsum Reduction
20.6.3.2 Advantages of the Current DPO
20.6.4 Autospreader Flap Technique
20.6.4.1 Indications and Contraindications
20.6.4.2 Restrictions
References
21: Controversies in Modern Rhinoplasty
21.1 Suture Techniques
21.1.1 Tongue-in-Groove Technique
21.1.2 Lateral Steal Suture Technique
21.1.3 Suspension Suture (Fig. 21.3)
21.1.4 Medial Crura Suture (Fig. 21.4)
21.1.5 The Middle Crura Suture (Fig. 21.5)
21.1.6 Interdomal Suture (Fig. 21.6)
21.1.7 Transdomal Suture (Fig. 21.7)
21.1.8 Lateral Crura Suture (Fig. 21.8)
21.1.9 Medial Crura Septal Suture (Fig. 21.9)
21.1.10 Tip Rotation Suture
21.1.11 Intercrura Suture
21.1.12 Lateral Crural Spanning Suture
21.2 Grafting Techniques
21.2.1 Spreader Graft
21.3 Spreader Graft Limitations
21.3.1 Autospreader Flap
21.4 Splay Graft
21.5 Septal Extension Graft
21.6 Shield Graft
21.7 Strut Graft
21.7.1 Diced Cartilage Graft
21.8 Diced Cartilage Fibrin Glue Graft
21.9 Rib Block
21.10 Subtotal Septoplasty Reconstruction
21.11 The Comparison of Different Techniques in Reconstructive Rhinoplasty: Which One Is the Best Maneuver?
21.12 Osteotomy vs. Piezosurgery
21.13 Piezo Surgery
21.14 Splinting vs. Non-splinting
References
22: Revision Rhinoplasty
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Step 1. Recognition
22.3 Step 2. Consultation
22.4 Step 3. Timing
22.5 Step 4. Restructuring the Nose
22.6 Step 5. Graft-Depleted Patient
22.7 Conclusion
References
23: Multi-operated Nose
References
24: Minimally Invasive Rhinoplasty
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Preoperative Patient Evaluation
24.1.2 Marking on the Table
24.1.3 Vasoconstrictor Injection
24.1.4 Approach
24.1.5 Incisions
24.1.6 Dissection
24.1.7 Upper Lateral Cartilages Splitting from the Septum
24.1.8 Septoplasty
24.1.9 Caudal Part of the Septum
24.1.10 Cartilaginous Hump
24.1.11 Bony Hump Removal
24.1.12 Osteotomies
24.1.13 Tip Plasty
24.1.14 Grafting as in a Closed Approach
24.1.15 Suturing the Incisions
24.1.16 Alar Base Resection
24.1.17 Splinting and Dressing
References
25: Complications in Rhinoplasty
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Upper Third
25.2.1 Nasal Bone Irregularity
25.2.2 Open Roof Deformity
25.2.3 Pinched Upper Vault
25.2.4 Bony Pyramid Collapse
25.2.5 Rocker Deformity
25.2.6 Step Deformity
25.2.7 Deep Nasofrontal Angle
25.2.8 Shallow Nasofrontal Angle
25.2.9 Upper Third Widening
25.2.10 Upper Third Overcorrection
25.2.11 Upper Third Asymmetry
25.3 Middle Third
25.3.1 Polly Beak Deformity
25.3.2 Inverted-V Deformity
25.3.3 Distraction of Upper Lateral Cartilage
25.3.4 Middle Third Widening
25.3.5 Middle Third Convexity
25.3.6 Middle Third Saddling
25.3.7 Middle Third Asymmetry
25.4 Lower Third
25.4.1 Cephalic Excision
25.4.2 Nasal Tip Bossa
25.4.3 Hanging Columella
25.4.4 Retracted Columella
25.4.5 Hanging Alae
25.4.6 Retracted Alae
25.4.7 Alar Base
25.4.8 Buttonholing of Skin
25.4.9 Nasal Valve Collapse
25.4.10 Boxy Tip
25.4.11 Pinched Tip
25.4.12 Tip Asymmetry
25.4.13 Tip Projection Deformity
25.4.14 Wide Columella
25.4.15 Alar Notching
25.4.16 Alar Cartilage Collapse
25.4.17 Nostril Asymmetry
25.4.18 Retracted Nasolabial Angle
25.4.19 Obtuse Nasolabial Angle
25.5 General Complications
25.5.1 Skin Necrosis
25.5.2 Contact Dermatitis
25.5.3 Scar Hypertrophy
25.5.4 Oleogranuloma
25.5.5 Dorsal Cyst
25.5.6 Graft or Implant Displacement
25.5.7 Deformed Nose
25.5.8 Underlying Maxillofacial Deformity
25.6 Case Presentation
25.6.1 Case #1
25.6.1.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.1.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
25.6.2 Case #2
25.6.2.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.2.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
25.6.3 Case #3
25.6.3.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.3.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
25.6.4 Case #4
25.6.4.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.4.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
25.6.5 Case #5
25.6.5.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.5.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
25.6.6 Case #6
25.6.6.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.6.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
25.6.7 Case #7
25.6.7.1 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
25.6.7.2 Surgical Treatment Plan
References
26: Preservation Rhinoplasty
26.1 History and Today of Preservation Rhinoplasty
26.2 Why Preservation Rhinoplasty?
26.3 Relevant Anatomy
26.4 Preservation Rhinoplasty
26.4.1 Anesthesia
26.4.2 Special Surgical Instruments for PR
26.4.3 Incisions
26.4.4 Dissection
26.4.5 The Nasal Bone Dissection
26.4.6 The Upper Lateral Cartilage Dissection
26.4.7 The Keystone Area Dissection
26.4.8 Septum Dissection
26.4.9 The Lower Lateral Cartilage Dissection
26.4.10 Cartilage Management
26.4.11 Bone Management
26.4.12 Tip Management
26.4.13 Management of Deviations
26.4.14 Casting and Splinting
26.4.15 Postoperative Care
26.5 Semi-preservation Rhinoplasty (ULC-Only and Cap Techniques)
26.6 Indications and Contraindications
26.7 Risks and Complications
References
27: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Rhinoplasty
27.1 Introduction
Part VII: Office-Based Procedures
28: The Application of Soft Tissue Filler in the Oral and Maxillofacial Field
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Definition and Type of Filler
28.2.1 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Filler
28.2.1.1 Monophasic: Juvederm, Teosyal®, Neuramis®, and Bellast
28.2.1.2 Biphasic: Restylane, Perlane-L, and Yvoire
28.2.2 Collagen Fillers
28.2.3 Calcium Hydroxyapatite Fillers
28.2.4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Poly-l-Lactic Acid (PLLA)
28.2.5 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
28.2.6 Polyacrylamide Gel (PAAG)
28.2.7 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
28.3 Indication of Filler Application in the Face
28.3.1 Wrinkle Elimination
28.3.2 Soft Tissue Volume Augmentation
28.4 Evaluation of Facial Aesthetics and Wrinkles
28.4.1 Esthetic Line (Ricketts Line)
28.4.2 Lemperle Rating Scale (LRS)
28.4.3 Evaluation Method Around the Mouth
28.4.3.1 Five-Grade Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS)
28.4.3.2 Marionette Lines
28.4.3.3 Lip or Perioral Wrinkles
28.4.3.4 Lip Fullness
28.5 Filler Injection Technique
28.5.1 Injection Site Design, Marking, and Disinfection
28.5.2 Local Anesthesia
28.5.3 Injection of the Filler
28.5.3.1 Needle
28.5.3.2 Cannula
28.5.4 Postoperative Care
28.5.4.1 Bleeding Control
28.5.4.2 Molding (Massaging) (Fig. 28.3)
28.5.4.3 Postoperative Medication
28.5.4.4 Explanation of Precautions and Follow-Up Checks
28.6 Lip Augmentation
28.6.1 Treatment of Lip Wrinkles Using BTX-A Injections
28.6.2 Upper Lip Filler Injection
28.6.3 Lower Lip Filler Injection
28.6.4 Precautions and Treatment After Injection
28.6.5 Cases
28.7 Nasal Augmentation
28.7.1 Pre-injection Preparation and Local Anesthesia
28.7.2 Filler Injection
28.7.3 Precautions and Treatments After Injection
28.7.3.1 Case
Augmentation of the Nasolabial Fold
28.7.4 Local Anesthesia
28.7.5 Filler Injection
28.7.6 Precautions and Treatments After Injection
28.7.7 Case Study
28.8 Forehead Augmentation
28.8.1 Local Anesthesia
28.8.2 Filler Injection
28.8.3 Precautions After Injection
28.8.4 Case Study
28.9 Cheek Augmentation (Fig. 28.14)
28.10 Chin Augmentation (Fig. 28.15)
28.11 Marionette Line and Pre-jowl Sulcus Augmentation (Fig. 28.16)
28.12 Complications
28.12.1 Swelling, Hematoma, and Bruising
28.12.2 Allergic Reaction
28.12.3 Dyschromia and Tyndall Effect
28.12.4 Nodule, Lumpiness, Embossing, or “Doughnutting”
28.12.5 Overcorrection or Undercorrection
28.12.6 Infection
28.12.7 Tissue Necrosis
28.12.8 Pulmonary Embolism
28.12.9 Ocular and Cerebral Infarction
28.12.10 Chronic Inflammation
References
29: Botulinum Toxin
29.1 History
29.2 Pharmacology
29.3 Available Products and Reconstitution
29.4 Botox Injection and Pain Relief
29.5 Injection Techniques
References
30: Fat Transfer and Facial Lipofilling: Techniques and Complications
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Preoperative Preparations
30.2.1 Medical Optimization
30.2.2 Photography
30.2.3 Anesthesia
30.2.4 Donor Site Assessment and Selection
30.2.5 Instrumentation and Materials
30.2.6 Tumescent Solution
30.2.7 Preparation of Lipoaspiration Sites
30.2.8 Fat Harvesting
30.2.9 Processing
30.2.9.1 Centrifuge
30.2.9.2 Sedimentation
30.2.9.3 Telfa Rolling
30.2.9.4 Washing
30.2.10 Donor Area Post-lipoaspiration
30.2.11 Fat Grafting
30.2.11.1 Microfat
30.2.11.2 SNIF
30.2.11.3 SNIE
30.2.11.4 Nanofat
30.2.12 Preparation of Types of Fat Grafting
30.2.12.1 Preparation of Microfat
30.2.12.2 Preparation of SNIF (Sharp Needle Intradermal Fat Grafting)
30.2.12.3 Preparation of SNIE (Sharp Needle Intradermal Emulsified) Fat Grafting
30.2.12.4 Preparation of Nanofat
30.2.13 Important Points in Fat Grafting
30.2.13.1 Wet Verus Dry Approach
30.2.13.2 Lidocaine in the Fat Graft
30.2.13.3 Epinephrine in Fat Graft
30.2.13.4 Pressure
30.2.13.5 Washing
30.2.13.6 Transfer
30.2.13.7 Overcorrection
30.2.13.8 Freezing and Storing Fat
30.2.13.9 Length of the Surgery
30.2.13.10 Obesity
30.2.13.11 Enrich Microfat with Stem Cell
30.3 Recommendation for a High Viable Graft Technique
30.4 Postoperative Care
30.5 Complications
30.5.1 Bruising and Swelling
30.5.2 Infection
30.5.3 Accumulations or Cysts
30.5.4 Asymmetries
30.5.5 Resorption
30.5.6 Hypo- or Hypercorrection
30.5.7 Fat Embolism
30.5.8 Damage to Anatomic Structures (Nerves, Arteries, Muscle, Parotid, or Other Glands)
30.5.9 Irregularities in the Donor Area
Bibliography
31: Biological Enhancement of Fat Injection: Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
31.3 Harvesting
31.4 Cell Processing
31.5 Enzymatic Digestion vs. Mechanical ACS Isolation
31.6 Outcomes
31.7 Conclusion
Further Readings
32: Chemical Peeling
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Indications and Considerations
32.3 Classification of Chemical Peels
32.4 Chemical Peeling Agents
32.5 Preparation
32.6 Technique
32.7 Postoperative Care
32.8 Segmental Peeling
32.9 Dermabrasion
32.10 Complications
32.11 Conclusion
Further Reading
33: The CO2 Laser in Facial Rejuvenation
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Laser Physics for the Clinician
33.3 The Fractional CO2 Laser
33.4 Principles of LASER Use
33.5 Skin Layers
33.6 Indications and Contraindications
33.7 Technique
33.8 Posttreatment
33.9 Combination of Fractional CO2 Laser with Other Cosmetic Procedures (PRP)
33.10 Complications
33.11 Discussion
References
34: Plasma Science in Medicine
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Historical Context of Plasma Technologies in Surgery and Medicine
34.3 Medical Application
34.4 Treating Skin Infections/Disinfection
34.5 Wound Healing
34.6 Conclusion
Further Reading
35: HIFU and RF Therapy in Facial Rejuvenation
35.1 Background
35.2 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)
35.2.1 Biophysics
35.2.2 Patient Selection
35.2.3 Technique of Application
35.2.3.1 Adverse Effects
35.3 RF (Radiofrequency)
35.3.1 Biophysics
35.3.2 Patient Selection
35.3.3 Methods of Delivery
35.3.3.1 Monopolar
35.3.3.2 Unipolar
35.3.3.3 Bipolar
Multipolar RF
Thermo-Contraction (TC)
Fractional RF
35.3.4 Technique of Application
35.3.4.1 Adverse Effects
References
36: PRP in Facial Rejuvenation
36.1 Introduction
36.2 PRP
36.3 PRP for Cutaneous Rejuvenation
36.3.1 Preparation of PRP
36.3.2 Principles of PRP Preparation
36.3.3 Commercially Available PRP Kits
36.4 PRP Injection Technique
36.5 Combination of Fractional CO2 Laser with Other Cosmetic Procedures (PRP)
36.6 Conclusions
References
37: Newer Approaches in Non-surgical Facial Rejuvenation
37.1 Structural Components of Facial Aging
37.1.1 Skeletal Structure
37.1.2 Subcutaneous Fat Distribution
37.2 Structural Rejuvenation of the Aging Face
37.3 LLFR™ Technique
37.4 Lipolysis
37.4.1 Patient Selection
37.4.2 Steps in Lipolysis [15]
37.4.2.1 Marking the Area
37.4.2.2 Application of Local Anesthetic Cream
37.4.2.3 Dilution and the Total Dose
37.4.2.4 Technique of Injection Spacing, Depth, Volume per Injection, and Maximum Dosage
37.4.2.5 Post-Injection Care
37.5 Tissue Lift
37.5.1 Types of Thread
37.5.2 Mechanism of Action of PDO Threads
37.5.3 Layer of Placing Thread—Superficial Dermis
37.6 Marking of Vectors
37.7 Anesthesia of the Area
37.8 Needle Insertion
37.9 Needle Removal
37.10 Multiple Thread Insertions
37.11 Pressure Application
37.11.1 Precautions
37.11.2 Complications
37.12 Form Replacement Using Fillers
37.13 Relax and Resurface
37.13.1 Tips for LLFR Rejuvenation
37.14 Non-surgical Facial Rejuvenation
37.14.1 Upper Face
37.14.2 Midface
37.14.3 Lower Face and Neck
References
38: Hair Restoration
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Basics of Hair Loss
38.3 Non-surgical Therapy
38.4 Surgical Therapy
38.5 Conclusion
References
39: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on the Use of Botolinum Toxin in Facial Cosmetics, Challenges, and Debates
39.1 Indications
39.2 Procedure
39.3 Therapeutic Plan
39.4 Storage
39.5 Resistance
39.6 Complications
39.7 New Indications and Future of Botulinum Toxin
Further Reading
40: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Procedures, Use of Fillers, Challenges, and Debates
40.1 Fillers
Part VIII: Cleft Lip and Plate
41: New Trends in Cleft Lip and Palate Repair
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Novel Approaches to Eliminate Surgical Disadvantages
41.2.1 Presurgical Taping and Orthopedics
41.2.2 Presurgical Orthopedics
41.2.3 Dynamic Presurgical Nasoalveolar Remodeling (DPNR Technique)
41.2.4 Regenerative Medicine
41.2.5 Complications
41.3 Conclusions
References
42: New Trends in Orthognathic Surgery of Cleft Patients
42.1 Introduction
42.2 The Cleft and Craniofacial Team
42.3 Presurgical Orthodontic Treatment of Cleft Patients
42.3.1 Cleft Patients with no Skeletal Deformity
42.3.2 Cleft Patients with Mild Skeletal Deformity
42.3.3 Cleft Patients Having a Severe Skeletal Discrepancy
42.4 Post-Surgical Complications of Orthognathic Surgery
42.4.1 Airway Problems
42.4.2 Speech Impediment
42.4.3 Infection
42.4.4 Oronasal Fistula
42.4.5 Nerve Damage
42.5 Methods to Reduce Complications
42.5.1 Distraction Osteogenesis
42.5.2 Tissue Engineering with Application of Stem Cells
42.5.3 Navigation Systems in the Current Practice
42.6 Methods for Improving Surgery Results
42.6.1 Fat Grafting
42.6.2 Cleft Rhinoplasty
42.6.3 Cleft Lip Revisions and Augmentation
42.6.4 Facial Implants
42.7 Success of Orthognathic Surgery
42.8 Conclusion
References
43: Rhinoplasty in Cleft Patients
43.1 Cleft Lip Rhinoplasty
43.2 Anatomy of Unilateral Cleft Nose
43.3 Characteristics of Unilateral Deformity
43.3.1 LLC and Nasal Tip
43.4 Time of Surgery
43.4.1 Primary Rhinoplasty in Cleft Nose Patients
43.5 Secondary Rhinoplasty in Cleft Nose Patients
43.6 Septoplasty
43.7 The Nasal Tip
43.8 Tip-plasty
43.9 Base/Nostrils—Alar Rim
43.10 Case Review
43.11 Bilateral Cleft Nasal Deformity
43.12 Case Review
References
44: Future Trends in Alveolar Cleft Osteoplasty
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Cell Sources
44.3 Smart Scaffolds
44.4 Enhancing Cell Delivery
44.4.1 Dynamic Cell Culture
44.4.2 Acellular Biological Scaffolds
References
Part IX: Blepharoplasty
45: Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Anatomical Considerations
45.3 Aging Changes in the Periocular Area
45.4 Preoperative Assessment
45.5 The Procedure
45.5.1 Marking the Incision Site
45.5.2 Local Anesthesia
45.5.3 Skin Incision
45.5.4 Resection of Tissues
45.5.5 Adjunctive Procedures
45.5.6 Wound Closure
45.6 Postoperative Care
45.7 Complications
References
46: Lower Blepharoplasty
46.1 Anatomy
46.2 Aging Changes
46.3 Historical Perspective
46.4 Transcutaneous Versus Transconjunctival Approach
46.4.1 Transcutaneous Approach
46.4.2 Transconjunctival Approach
46.5 Fat Management
46.6 Subperiosteal Versus Supraperiosteal Transposition
46.7 Midface Lift
46.8 Festoons
46.9 Management of Excess Skin
46.10 Canthal Anchoring
46.11 Conjunctival Wound Closure
46.12 Current Trends in Lower Blepharoplasty
46.13 Postoperative Care
References
47: Q/A Discussion; Commentary on Periorbital Rejuvenation, Challenges, and Debates
Part X: Lifting Procedures
48: New Trends in Midface Lift
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Noninvasive Midface Rejuvenation Using Fillers
48.3 Suture Suspension (Thread Lifting)
48.4 Endoscopic Midface Lift
48.5 Cheek Implants
References
49: New Trends in Forehead and Brow Lift
49.1 Background
49.1.1 Forehead and Eyebrow: Forefront and Main Line of Facial Aesthetics
49.1.2 Facial Rejuvenation, Where Forehead and Eyebrow Stand on the Upper Third
49.2 Surgical Anatomy
49.2.1 Frontalis Muscle
49.2.2 Orbicularis Oculi
49.2.3 Procerus
49.2.4 Depressor Supercilii
49.2.5 Corrugator Supercilii
49.2.6 Clinical Pearl
49.3 Nonsurgical and Surgical Techniques
49.4 Forehead and Brow Lift
49.4.1 Nonsurgical Brow Lift
49.4.1.1 Neurotoxins
49.4.1.2 Calcium Hydroxylapatite
49.4.2 Surgical Brow Lift
49.4.2.1 Direct Brow Lift
49.4.2.2 Temporal Forehead/Brow Lift by Galeapexy
49.4.2.3 Pretrichial/Trichophytic Brow Lift
49.4.2.4 Endoscopic Brow Lift
References
50: New Trends in Neck Lifting
50.1 Introduction
50.1.1 Aging Process
50.1.2 Submental Fat
50.1.3 Platysma Muscle
50.1.4 Submental Skin
50.1.4.1 Evaluation
50.1.4.2 Selection Process
50.1.4.3 Injectables
50.1.4.4 Liposuction
50.1.4.5 Cervicoplasty
50.2 Discussion
50.3 Conclusion
References
51: Augmented Reality: New Horizons in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Imaging Options
51.3 Virtual Reality (VR) Classification: Non-immersive VR and Immersive VR
51.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
51.5 Applications
51.5.1 Training and Education of Students: Simulators, Indications, and Studies
51.5.2 Clinical Application for the Surgeon
51.5.3 Communication with Patients
References
52: Lip Lift
52.1 Introduction
52.2 History
52.3 Anatomy
52.4 Pre-Operative Evaluation
52.5 Procedure
52.6 Post-Operative Care
52.7 Complications
52.8 Conclusion
References
53: Open and Closed Liposuction
53.1 Aging
53.2 Aging of the Face & Neck
53.3 The Aesthetically Pleasing Neck
53.4 Difficult Neck Anatomy
53.5 Cuzalina and Bailey Cosmetic Neck Classification
53.6 Initial Consultation
53.7 Patient Evaluation
53.8 Buccal Fat Pad Reduction
53.9 Tumescent Preparation and Infiltration
53.10 Jowl Liposuction
53.11 Submental Liposuction
53.12 Cervicofacial Liposuction
53.13 Platysmaplasty
53.14 Submentoplasty
53.15 Neck Lift
53.16 Open Liposuction during Rhytidectomy
53.17 Injection Lipolysis
53.18 Ultrasonic-Assisted Liposuction
53.19 Laser-Assisted Liposuction
53.20 Water Jet-Assisted Liposuction
53.21 Complications
53.22 Complications
53.23 Conclusion
53.24 Treatment by Areas
References
54: Thread Lift
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Aging of the Face
54.3 Dynamic of Thread Lift
54.4 Classification of Thread Based on Direction
54.5 Classification Based on Biomaterial
54.6 Candidates for Thread Lift
54.6.1 Best Candidates
54.6.2 Poor Candidates
54.7 Universal Technique for Double Needle Thread Lift
54.7.1 Preoperative Markings
54.8 Complications
54.8.1 Technical Errors
54.8.2 Unforeseeable Reaction
54.9 Conclusion
References
55: Facial Transplantation
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Patient Selection
55.3 The Ethical Dilemmas
55.4 Indications
55.5 Absolute and Relative Contraindications
55.6 Outcomes
55.7 Complications: The Predictable and Unpredictable Outcomes
55.8 Conclusions
References
56: Otoplasty
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Description of the Procedure
56.3 Postoperative Course
56.4 Postoperative Complications
56.5 Case Presentation
References
57: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Lifting Procedures
57.1 Seied Omid Keyhan: Would you Please Let us Know about the Causes of Aging Face as an Introduction of this Chapter?
57.2 Seied Omid Keyhan: What Options Do we Have to Manage Aging Face Process?
57.3 Seied Omid Keyhan: In your Opinion, Would you Please Let me Know What Is the Important Key Point Principle during these Treatments?
57.4 Seied Omid Keyhan: Would you Please Let me Know about the Evolution of Facelift Techniques?
57.5 Seied Omid Keyhan: Would you Please Let me Know about the Evolution of Forehead Lift Techniques?
57.6 Seied Omid Keyhan: What Are your Key Point Recommendations to Do Buccal Fat Pad Extraction?
57.7 Seied Omid Keyhan: Some Authors Believe that the Longitudinal Results of Superficial Midface Lift with or without Plication or Imbrication Versus Deep Methods Are Questionable. What’s your Idea about this Claim?
57.8 Seied Omid Keyhan: Please Let me Know your Key Point Guidelines to Select the Method of Lifting?
57.9 Seied Omid Keyhan: In the Case of Combined Lip Lift and Rhinoplasty, Do you Prefer One-Stage Surgery or Two-Stage Surgery? Why?
57.10 Seied Omid Keyhan: What Are your Key Point Recommendations to Select the Type of Central Lip Lift Configuration? Do you Prefer Lip Augmentation Techniques or Lip Lift Procedure? What Are your Key Point Recommendations for Patient Selection?
57.11 Seied Omid Keyhan: In Case of Brow Lift, which Technique Do you Prefer?
57.12 Seied Omid Keyhan: As the Legend and Master of Facelift Procedures, Would you Please Let me Know your Final Suggestion for Beginners like me to Achieve Better Results and Decrease our Complications?
Reference
Part XI: Orthognathic Surgery
58: Ultrafine Orthognathic Surgical Treatment Planning
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Orthodontic Preparation
58.2.1 Understanding Occlusion
58.3 Orthodontic Decompensation
58.3.1 Space Analysis, Arch Length, and Incisor Position Angulations
58.3.2 Bolton Analysis and its Importance: Assess Tooth Size Discrepancies
58.3.3 Decompensation of the Occlusion
58.3.4 Leveling the Curve of Spee
58.3.5 Quick Method to Measure Transverse Discrepancy
58.4 Cephalometry
58.5 Normalizing Facial Structures
58.5.1 What Is Normal? Facial Esthetics
58.5.2 Where Do the Central Incisors Belong?
58.6 Profile and Nasolabial Esthetics
58.7 Digital Aids to Planning
58.7.1 System Requirements for Complete Digital Recording, Transfer, Design, and Manufacturing
58.8 Creating a Surgical Plan
58.8.1 The Pillars of Orthognathic Surgery Decision-Making
58.8.2 More Ultrafine Planning: Centric Relation, Natural Head Position, and Mandibular Hinge Axis—Are they Important?
58.8.3 Hinge Axis Determination
58.8.4 Surgery-First Orthognathic Surgery
58.9 A Sequenced Approach to Orthognathic Surgery Planning
58.9.1 Determine the Need for Segmentalization and where to Osteotomize
58.9.2 Check Natural Head Position
58.9.3 Check and Verify the Cant
58.9.4 Check that the Midlines Are Properly Indicated
58.9.5 Rotate the Maxilla to Correct the Cant
58.9.6 Determine Hinge Axis
58.9.7 Central Incisor Position
58.9.8 Occlusal Plane Alteration
58.9.9 Best Occlusion
58.9.10 Yaw Correction
58.9.11 Interferences
58.9.12 Genioplasty
58.9.13 Mandible or Maxilla First?
58.9.14 Splints
58.10 Conclusions
References
59: Implant-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Age-Related Bone Healing Biology
59.3 Le Fort I Osteotomy Considerations
59.4 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy Considerations
59.4.1 Age-Related Inferior Alveolar Nerve Anatomy and Biology
59.4.2 Age-Related Peripheral Nerve Healing
59.4.3 Age-Related Mandibular Blood Supply
59.4.4 Mandibular Basal Bone
59.4.5 Orthognathic Surgery in Aging Patients
59.4.6 Orthognathic Surgery with the Use of Gunning Splint
59.4.7 Implant-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery
59.5 Case Presentation
59.5.1 Case 1
59.5.2 Treatment Procedure
59.5.3 Case 2
59.5.4 Treatment Procedure
59.6 Conclusion
References
60: Computer-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery from Prediction to Navigation
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Virtual Planning
60.2.1 Preoperative Work-Up
60.3 Accuracy
60.4 Sequence of Orthognathic Surgery
60.5 Soft Tissue Prediction
60.6 Navigation Systems
References
61: Simultaneous Rhinoplasty and Orthognathic Surgery
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Background
61.3 Preoperative Evaluation
61.4 Treatment Sequence
61.5 Treatment Plan
61.6 Surgery
61.7 Summary
References
62: New Trends in Distraction Osteogenesis
62.1 Introduction
62.2 Biology of Distraction Osteogenesis
62.3 Distraction of the Mandible
62.3.1 Mandibular Lengthening
62.3.1.1 Indications
62.3.1.2 Technique and Devices
Intraoral Surgical Approach
Extraoral Surgical Approach
62.3.1.3 Device Activation
62.3.1.4 Orthodontic Considerations
62.3.1.5 Complications
62.3.2 Mandibular Widening
62.3.2.1 Indications
62.3.2.2 Technique and Devices
62.3.2.3 Device Activation
62.3.2.4 Orthodontic Considerations
62.3.2.5 Complications
62.4 Distraction of the Maxilla
62.4.1 Maxillary and Midface Advancement
62.4.1.1 Indications
62.4.1.2 Technique and Devices
Le Fort I for Maxillary Advancement
Le Fort III for Midface Advancement
62.4.1.3 Device Activation
62.4.1.4 Orthodontic Considerations
62.4.1.5 Complications
62.4.2 Maxillary Widening
62.4.2.1 Indications
62.4.2.2 Technique and Devices
62.4.2.3 Device Activation
62.4.2.4 Orthodontic Considerations
62.4.2.5 Complications
62.5 Alveolar Process Distraction
62.5.1 Indications
62.5.2 Surgical Technique
62.5.3 Device Activation
62.5.4 Complications
62.6 Future Perspectives
62.7 Conclusion
References
63: Management of Infants with Pierre Robin Sequence
63.1 Diagnosis and Management of Neonates with Pierre Robin Sequence
63.2 Conclusion
References
64: Orthognathic Surgery-First: The Possible Solutions for Severe Jaw Discrepancies
64.1 Introduction
64.2 History of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.4 The Total Time of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.5 The Stability after Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.6 Indications and Contraindications of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.7 The Complications of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.8 3D Virtual Surgical Planning and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
64.9 The Approaches of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
64.10 Case Presentation
64.10.1 Case 1
64.10.1.1 Treatment Procedure
64.10.1.2 Orthodontics Treatment Stages
64.10.2 Case 2
64.10.2.1 Treatment Procedure
References
65: Mandible-First Sequencing in Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery
65.1 Overview
65.2 Occlusal Record and its Importance in Predictability
65.3 Structural Problems of TMJs
65.4 Segmentation of the Maxilla
65.5 Joint Edema
65.6 Our Considerations
References
66: Complications Management in Orthognathic Surgery
66.1 Introduction
66.2 General Considerations
66.3 Presurgical Orthodontic Considerations
66.3.1 Treatment Planning
66.3.2 Sagittal Dimension
66.3.3 Transverse Dimension
66.3.4 Vertical Dimension
66.3.5 Other Complications Related to the Orthodontist
66.4 Preoperative Consideration
66.4.1 Wound Healing
66.4.2 Psychologic Disorders
66.4.3 Hematologic Disorders
66.4.4 Airway Issues
66.4.5 Allergic Reactions
66.4.6 Sleep Disorders
66.4.7 Mandibular Third Molar Removal.
66.5 Intraoperative Stage
66.5.1 Bleeding
66.5.2 Nerve Injury
66.5.3 Condylar Malpositioning
66.5.4 Teeth Damage
66.5.5 Unfavorable Fracture of the Maxilla
66.5.6 Nasal Obstruction and Septum Deviation
66.5.7 Bad Split
66.6 Postoperative Stage
66.6.1 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
66.6.2 Facial Edema
66.6.3 Infection
66.6.4 Hematoma
66.6.5 Weight Loss
66.6.6 Temporomandibular Disorders
66.6.7 Condylar Resorption
66.6.8 Nose Widening
66.6.9 Nasal Septum Deviation
66.6.10 Nasal Obstruction
66.6.11 Aging Face
66.6.12 Fibrous Union
66.6.13 Chin Ptosis
66.6.14 Sinusitis
66.6.15 Chin Issues
66.6.16 Aseptic Necrosis
66.6.17 Relapse
66.6.17.1 One Vs. Two Jaw Surgery
66.7 Rare Complications
References
67: Glossectomy
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Macroglossia
67.3 Epidemiology
67.4 Classification
67.5 Diagnosis
67.6 Complications Associated with Macroglossia
67.7 Indications for Treatment of Macroglossia
67.8 Treatment Option
67.9 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
67.10 Complications Associated with Surgical Treatment of Tongue Enlargement
67.11 Recommendations
67.12 Discussion
References
68: Commentary on Computer-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery
68.1 Introduction
68.2 Conventional Model Surgery
68.3 Virtual Model Surgery and Navigation System
68.4 Discussion
References
Part XII: Intra-Oral Plastic Surgeries
69: Non-invasive Approaches for Treatment of Gummy Smile
69.1 Background
69.2 Etiology
69.3 Pre-Operative Evaluation
69.4 Vertical Maxillary Excess (VME)
69.5 Altered Passive Eruption
69.5.1 Crown Lengthening
69.5.1.1 Soft-Tissue Crown-Lengthening Technique
69.5.1.2 Hard-Tissue Crown-Lengthening Technique
69.6 Short Upper Lip
69.7 Lip Activity
69.7.1 Lip Repositioning
69.7.1.1 Conventional Lip Repositioning Surgery and Relevant Modifications
69.7.2 Spacers and Grafts
69.7.2.1 Micro-Autologous Fat Transplantation (MAFT)
69.7.2.2 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
69.7.3 Botulinum Toxin (BT)
69.7.4 Fillers
69.8 Nasal Septum Dysplasia
References
70: Cosmetic Intraoral Surgeries
70.1 Periodontal Plastic Surgery
70.1.1 Introduction
70.1.2 History
70.2 Etiology of Gingival Recession
70.3 Classification
70.4 Surgical Procedure
70.5 How to Choose Proper Surgical Technique?
70.6 Harvesting Technique, Graft Size, and Patient Morbidity
70.7 Esthetic Crown Lengthening (Fig. 70.10)
70.8 Biologic Width
70.9 Altered Passive Eruption
70.10 Coslet Classification [43]
70.11 Treatment of Alerted Passive Eruption Based on Coslet Classification
70.12 Soft Tissue Augmentation Procedure in Edentulous Esthetic Area
70.12.1 Clinical Indications
70.13 Conclusion
References
71: Use of Buccal Fat Pad in Facial Cosmetic Surgery
71.1 Introduction
71.2 Anatomy
71.3 Physiology
71.4 Clinical Applications of Buccal Fat Pad
71.5 Surgical Approach to the Buccal Fat Pad
71.5.1 When a Mucoperiosteal Flap Is Not Already Elevated
71.5.2 When a Mucoperiosteal Flap Is Already Elevated
71.6 Oro-Antral and Oro-Nasal Closure
71.7 Reconstructing Regional Pathologic Defects and Clefts
71.8 Reconstructing Midfacial Traumatic Defects
71.9 Covering Bone Grafts as a Biologic Membrane
71.10 Restoring Perforations of the Schneiderian Membrane
71.11 TMJ Reconstruction as Interpositional Grafts
71.12 Free Graft for Nerve Coverage
71.13 Esthetic Surgery
71.14 Managing MRONJ and Osteoradionecrosis
71.15 Free Graft to Restore Periodontium around Teeth and Implants
References
72: Computer-assisted Implant Surgery
72.1 Computer-Guided Surgery
72.1.1 Introduction
72.2 Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery
72.2.1 Dynamic System
72.2.2 Static System
72.3 Types of Guide Support
72.4 Accuracy of Static CAI
72.5 Factors Influencing Accuracy
72.5.1 Software-related
72.5.2 Guide- and Production-related
72.5.3 Surgeon-related Factor
72.5.4 Patient-related
72.6 Clinical Application of Static CAI: Case Reports
References
73: Commentary and Case Presentations on Intraoral Plastic Surgeries and Tissue Managements Around Teeth and Implants
73.1 Patient 1 (Figs. 73.1 and 73.2)
73.1.1 Diagnosis
73.1.2 Treatment Planning (Figs. 73.20–73.62)
73.1.2.1 Option 1
73.1.2.2 Option 2
73.1.3 Data Diagnosis
73.2 Patient 2 (Figs. 73.88 and 73.89)
73.2.1 Diagnosis
73.2.2 Treatment Planning
73.2.2.1 Option 1
73.2.2.2 Option 2
73.2.3 Aesthetic Implant Failure
73.2.3.1 Cuspid Smile (Figs. 73.94–73.96)
73.2.4 Exploration
73.3 Patient 3 (Fig. 73.240)
73.3.1 Diagnosis
73.3.2 Treatment Planning
73.3.2.1 Option 1
73.3.2.2 Option 2
73.3.2.3 Option 3
73.3.2.4 O. Data
73.3.2.5 Wax-up
73.3.2.6 Mock-up
73.3.3 Replicating Emergence Profile (Figs. 73.300–73.304)