دانلود کتاب The knee made easy از انتشارات اشپرینگر

Author(s): Charalambos Panayiotou Charalambous

Publisher: Springer, Year: 2022

ISBN: 9783030545062,3030545067

Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Knee Clinical Anatomy
2.1 Knee—Anatomical Structures
2.1.1 Femur
2.1.2 Tibia
2.1.3 Patella
2.1.4 Fibula
2.1.5 Fabella
2.2 Knee Joint
2.2.1 Capsule of the Knee Joint
2.2.2 Synovium of the Knee Joint
2.2.3 Ligaments
2.2.4 Menisci
2.2.5 Fat pads of the Knee
2.3 Proximal Tibiofibular Articulation
2.4 Muscles
2.4.1 Muscles that Connect the Pelvis to the Tibia/Fibula
2.4.2 Muscles that Connect the Pelvis to the Femur
2.4.3 Muscles that Connect the Femur to the Tibia
2.4.4 Muscles that Connect the Femur to the Foot
2.5 Synovial Folds (Plicae)
2.6 Bursae
2.7 Anatomy Overview
2.7.1 Orientation of the Knee Bones in Space
2.7.2 Overview of the Soft Tissue Structures of the Knee
2.7.3 Popliteal Fossa
2.8 Arterial Supply of the Knee and Lower Limb
2.8.1 Patellar Blood Supply
2.8.2 Quadriceps Tendon Blood Supply
2.9 Veins of the Knee and Lower Limb
2.10 Nerve Supply of the Knee and Lower Limb
2.10.1 Sensory Supply of the Knee and Lower Limb
2.10.2 Motor Supply of the Knee and Lower Limb
2.10.3 Nerves of the Knee and Lower Limb
2.10.4 Cutaneous Sensory Supply of the Knee
2.10.5 Deep Sensory Supply of the Knee
References
Chapter 3: Knee Biomechanics: Tibiofemoral Articulation
3.1 Knee Flexion/Extension at the Tibiofemoral Joint [1–16]
3.2 Initiation of Knee Extension (Screw Home Mechanism)
3.3 Range of Motion at the Knee
3.4 Muscles Bringing about Motion
3.4.1 Muscles Controlling Tibiofemoral Joint Motion
3.5 GAIT
3.6 Forces Transmitted by the Tibiofemoral Joint
3.6.1 Forces Acting on the Tibiofemoral Joint
3.7 Tibiofemoral Joint Loading [28–36]
3.8 Weightbearing—Mechanical Axis
3.9 Knee Adduction Moment
3.9.1 Relation of the GRF to the Knee in the Coronal Plane
3.10 Menisci and Loading of the Knee
3.11 Forces with Aquatic Exercises [25–27]
3.12 Tibiofemoral Joint Stability
3.12.1 Joint Stability
3.12.2 Tibiofemoral Joint Stability – Static Stabilizers
3.12.3 Dynamic Tibiofemoral Joint Stabilisers
3.12.3.1 Sagittal Quadriceps/Hamstring Force Couple
3.12.4 Core Control and Tibiofemoral Joint Stability [75, 77–87]
3.12.5 Hip Muscles
3.13 Biomechanics of Tibiofemoral Degeneration [88–97]
3.13.1 Primary Medial Compartment OA with Intact ACL
3.13.2 OA Secondary to ACL Deficiency (Due to Previous Tear)
3.13.3 OA Associated with PCL Deficiency
3.13.4 Primary Lateral Compartment OA
References
Chapter 4: Knee Biomechanics—Patellofemoral Articulation
4.1 Patellofemoral Motion
4.2 Patellar Motion in Relation to the Femur and Tibia
4.3 Patellofemoral Joint Forces
4.4 Variation of Patellar Contact Pressures with Knee Flexion
4.5 Asymmetrical Loading of the Patella
4.6 Patella Alta
4.7 Downhill Walking Induced Muscle Damage and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness [24–26]
4.8 Patellofemoral Joint Stability
4.9 PF Joint Stabilisers
4.9.1 Static Factors
4.9.1.1 Bone and Articular Cartilage Morphology
4.9.1.2 Ligaments
4.9.1.3 Tendons
4.9.1.4 The following describe the various static ligamentous/tendinous restraints to PF instability in various directions:
4.9.1.5 Interaction of Static Restraints
4.9.2 Dynamic Factors in PF Stability
4.9.2.1 Knee Muscles
4.9.2.2 Muscles of the Core, Hip, Foot and Ankle
4.10 Lateral PF Instability
4.11 Biomechanics of Patellofemoral Degeneration
4.11.1 Osteoarthritis Associated with Posterior Cruciate Ligament/Posterolateral Corner Deficiency [54–56]
References
Chapter 5: Clinical History for Knee Conditions
5.1 Presenting Complaint
5.1.1 Nature of Complaint
5.1.2 Onset of Complaint
5.1.3 Progress of Complaint
5.1.4 Exacerbating and Relieving Factors
5.1.5 Impact of Presenting Complaint
5.1.6 Up to Date Management of Presenting Complaint
5.2 Previous Musculoskeletal History
5.3 Activities History
5.4 Previous Medical History
5.5 Previous Surgical History
5.6 Medication History
5.7 Family Musculoskeletal History
References
Chapter 6: Clinical Examination of the Knee
6.1 Look
6.2 Feel
6.3 Move
6.3.1 Overall Gait
6.3.2 Knee Movements Assessed
6.3.3 Lumbosacral Spine Movements Assessed
6.3.4 Hip Movements Assessed
6.3.5 Ankle Movements Assessed
6.4 Special Tests in Knee Examination
6.5 Assessing Muscle Strength in Knee Examination
6.5.1 Testing Muscle Strength—Individual Muscles
6.5.1.1 Quadriceps
Active Extension Lag
Quadriceps Resistance Strength Test
6.5.1.2 Hamstrings
Flexion Strength
6.6 Pain Provoking Tests
6.6.1 Patellofemoral Compression Test [2, 23]
6.6.2 Meniscal Tear Pain Provoking Tests
6.6.3 Hoffa’s Test [26]
6.6.4 Medial Patellar Plica (MPP) Test [27]
6.7 Laxity Assessment
6.7.1 Assessment of Tibiofemoral Knee Laxity
6.7.1.1 Anterior Knee Laxity
Lachman Test [28]
Anterior Drawer Test [29]
Pivot Shift Test [32]
6.7.1.2 Posterior Knee Laxity
Posterior Tibial Sag Sign [36, 37]
Posterior Drawer Test [38, 39]
Reverse Pivot Shift Test [41, 42]
6.7.1.3 Valgus/Varus Laxity
Valgus Laxity
Valgus Test [43, 44]
Valgus Thrust
Varus Laxity [45]
Varus Test
Varus Thrust
6.7.1.4 Rotatory Laxity [49–51]
6.7.2 Assessment of Patellofemoral Laxity [55]
6.7.3 Assessment of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Laxity [60]
6.7.4 Assessment of Generalised Joint Hyperlaxity
6.8 Knee Instability Tests
6.8.1 Tests for ACL Instability
6.8.2 Tests for PCL Instability
6.8.3 Tests for Valgus Instability
6.8.4 Tests for Varus Instability
6.8.5 Tests for Posterolateral Corner Instability
6.8.6 Tests for Patellofemoral Instability
6.8.7 Tests for Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability
6.9 Lumbosacral Spine Tests
6.10 Core Balance Tests [69–71]
6.11 Knee Muscle/Tendon Flexibility Tests
6.12 Hip Abductors’ Strength
6.13 Rotational Profile [79]
References
Chapter 7: Investigations for Knee Disorders
7.1 Radiological Investigations
7.1.1 Plain Radiographs
7.1.2 Plain Radiographs Stress Views [7–14]
7.1.3 Ultrasound [15–17]
7.1.4 Plain Magnetic Resonance Imaging [18–20]
7.1.5 Contrast Enhanced MRI [21–23]
7.1.6 MRI Arthrography [24–26]
7.1.7 Computed Tomography
7.1.8 CT Arthrography [24, 25]
7.1.9 Bone Scan [27, 28]
7.1.10 Radio-Labelled White Cell Bone Scan
7.1.11 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography SPECT (+/− arthrography) [29–32]
7.2 Assessment of Lower Limb/Knee Alignment [33–37]
7.2.1 Lower Limb Alignment
7.2.1.1 Coronal Alignment
7.2.1.2 Sagittal Alignment
7.2.1.3 Rotational Alignment
7.2.1.4 Bone Morphology
7.3 MRI Subchondral Oedema [38, 39]
7.4 Neurophysiological Investigations for Knee Conditions [40, 41]
7.4.1 Nerve Conduction Studies
7.4.2 EMG
7.5 Diagnostic Knee Injections
7.6 Gait Analysis
References
Chapter 8: Challenges in Managing Knee Disorders
8.1 Natural History of Knee Disorders
8.2 Incidental Clinical Findings in the Evaluation of the Knee
8.3 Incidental Investigation Findings in the Evaluation of the Knee
8.4 Not all Pathological Knee Findings Need Addressing
8.5 Clinical Symptoms Originating from Multiple Knee Sources
8.6 Systemic/Distant Disorders Causing Knee Clinical Symptoms
8.7 Consider Clinical Symptoms Rather than Pathology in Knee Evaluation
8.8 Uncertainty as to How Some Clinical Knee Symptoms Are Mediated
8.9 Uncertainty as to How Knee Interventions Work
8.10 Lack of Evidence Supporting Knee Interventions
8.11 Inability to Accurately Predict those Who Will Benefit from an Intervention
8.12 Intervention Management Ladder for Knee Disorders
References
Chapter 9: Surgical Interventions for Knee Disorders
9.1 Principles of Surgical Interventions
9.2 Arthroscopic and Open Knee Surgery
9.2.1 Arthroscopic Knee Surgery
9.2.1.1 Surgical Portals in Arthroscopic Knee Surgery
Anterolateral Portal
Anteromedial Portal
Superomedial Portal
Posteromedial Portal
Posterolateral Portal
9.2.2 Open Knee Surgery
9.3 Patient Positioning for Knee Surgery
9.4 Minimising Bleeding in Knee Surgery
9.5 Types of Knee Surgical Procedures
9.5.1 Soft Tissue Procedures
9.5.2 Cartilage/Bone Procedures
9.5.2.1 Partial Meniscectomy
9.5.2.2 Meniscal Repair
9.5.2.3 Articular Cartilage Restoration Procedures
Bone Marrow Stimulation Techniques
Cartilage Implantation Techniques
Osteochondral Allografts
Autologous Cartilage Implantation (ACI)
Fixation of Detached Osteochondral Fragments
9.5.3 Bone Procedures
9.5.3.1 Osteotomy
Level of Osteotomy
9.5.3.2 Knee Joint Arthroplasty
References
Chapter 10: External Devices for Disorders of the Knee
10.1 Knee External Devices
10.1.1 Medial Compartment Unloading Braces
10.1.2 Functional ACL Braces
10.1.3 PCL Braces
10.1.4 Stretching Knee Braces
10.2 External Devices for the Ankle and Foot (Ankle/Foot Orthoses)
10.2.1 Combining Foot with Ankle Orthosis [44–47]
10.2.2 Compliance in Foot Orthoses
References
Chapter 11: Knee Injection and Needling Therapy
11.1 Injection Therapy
11.2 Types of Knee Injections
11.2.1 Steroid Injections [1–3]
11.2.2 Visco-supplementation-Hyaluronic Acid Injections
11.2.3 Platelet Rich Plasma Injections
11.2.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells [26–30]
11.2.5 Ozone Injections [31–33]
11.2.6 Local Anaesthetic Injections [34–39]
11.2.7 Normal Saline Injections
11.3 Contraindications to Injection Therapy
11.4 Potential Complications of Knee Injections
11.5 Knee Injection Techniques
11.5.1 Knee Joint Intra-articular Injection
11.5.2 Pes Anserinus Injection
11.6 Dry Needling
11.7 Barbotage
References
Chapter 12: Knee Physiotherapy: A Surgeon’s Perspective
12.1 Physiotherapy Nomenclature
12.2 Physiotherapy Techniques
12.2.1 Local Treatment to Improve Pain
12.2.2 Muscle Strengthening
12.2.2.1 Quadriceps Strengthening
12.2.2.2 Hamstring Strengthening
12.2.3 Joint Mobilisation
12.2.4 Core Strengthening and Balancing
12.2.5 Soft Tissue Stretching
12.2.6 Proprioception Training [29–45]
12.2.7 Biofeedback
12.2.8 Symptom Modification Techniques
12.3 Physiotherapy to Improve Knee Stability
12.4 Physiotherapy to Reduce Joint Stiffness
12.4.1 Stretching Exercises to Improve Extension
12.4.2 Stretching Exercises to Improve Flexion
12.5 Rehabilitation of a Knee Following a Soft Tissue or Bony Injury
12.6 Rehabilitation Post-Surgical Soft Tissue or Bony Repair
12.7 Early vs. Delayed Mobilisation and Loading in Soft Tissue Injuries or Surgery
12.8 Rehabilitation of Articular Cartilage Injuries/Repair
12.9 Milestones of Rehabilitation [68, 69]
12.9.1 Weightbearing
12.9.2 Progressing in Activity
12.10 Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition
12.10.1 Investigations
12.10.2 Management
References
Chapter 13: Knee Pain
13.1 Sources of Knee Pain
13.1.1 Tibiofemoral Joint Pain
13.1.2 Patellofemoral Joint Pain
13.1.3 Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Pain
13.1.4 Periarticular Tendon Pain
13.1.5 Ligamentous Pain
13.1.6 Periarticular Bursal Pain
13.1.7 Pain Referred from a Distal Site
13.1.7.1 Lumbosacral Spine Origin Pain
13.1.7.2 Hip Origin Pain
13.1.8 Peripheral Nerve—Neurogenic Pain
13.1.9 Myofascial Pain
13.2 Identifying the Origin of Knee Pain
13.2.1 Pain Location
13.2.2 Pain Onset
13.2.3 Patient’s Age
13.2.4 Symptoms Associated with Knee Pain
13.2.5 Palpable Knee Tenderness
13.2.6 Knee Pain Provoking Clinical Tests
13.3 Investigations for Knee Pain
13.4 Management of Knee Pain
References
Chapter 14: Knee Stiffness
14.1 True Versus Apparent Knee Stiffness
14.2 Passive Versus Active Knee Motion
14.3 Differential Diagnosis of Knee Stiffness
14.4 Investigations for Knee Stiffness
14.5 Management of Knee Stiffness
References
Chapter 15: Knee Locking
15.1 True Knee Locking Versus Apparent Knee Locking (Pseudolocking)
15.2 Clinical Symptoms of True Knee Locking
15.3 Clinical Signs of True Knee Locking
15.4 Sources of True Knee Locking
15.5 Investigations for Knee Locking
15.6 Management of Knee Locking
References
Chapter 16: Knee Instability
16.1 Describing Knee Instability
16.2 Causes of Knee Instability
16.3 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Instability
16.4 Clinical Signs of Knee Instability
16.5 Investigations for Knee Instability
16.6 Management of Knee Instability
16.6.1 Non-surgical
16.6.2 Surgical
16.7 Special Situations of Knee Instability
16.7.1 Initial Presentation after an ACL Tear
16.7.2 First time Patellar Dislocator
16.7.3 Non-Compliant Patients
16.7.4 Posterolateral Corner Injury
16.7.5 Instability vs. Hyperlaxity
16.7.6 Knee Instability in Osteoarthritis [38–40]
References
Chapter 17: Knee Weakness
17.1 True Versus Apparent Knee Weakness
17.2 Causes of Knee Weakness [1]
17.3 Identifying the Cause of Knee Weakness
17.3.1 Investigations for Knee Weakness
17.4 Management of Knee Weakness
References
Chapter 18: Knee Paraesthesia
18.1 Sensory Pathways [1]
18.2 Sites of Neurological Dysfunction
18.3 Causes of Neurological Dysfunction
18.4 Conditions Leading to Knee Paraesthesia
18.5 Clinical Symptoms in Knee Paraesthesia
18.6 Clinical Examination in Knee Paraesthesia [14, 15]
18.7 Identifying the Cause of Paraesthesia
18.8 Investigations for Knee Paraesthesia
18.9 Management of Knee Paraesthesia
18.10 Management of Extrinsic Causes of Nerve Dysfunction
References
Chapter 19: Knee Noise
19.1 Sources of Abnormal Knee Noise
19.1.1 Physiological Noise
19.1.2 Knee Noise following Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
19.1.3 Knee Noise following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery
19.2 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Noise
19.3 Clinical Signs of Knee Noise
19.4 Investigations for Knee Noise
19.5 Management of Knee Noise
References
Chapter 20: Knee Swellings
20.1 Types of Knee Swellings
20.2 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Swellings
20.3 Clinical Examination for Knee Swellings
20.4 Investigations for Knee Swellings
20.5 Management of Knee Swellings
References
Chapter 21: Knee Tendon Disease
21.1 Knee Tendinopathy
21.2 Causes of Knee Tendinopathy
21.3 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Tendinopathy
21.4 Clinical Signs of Knee Tendinopathy
21.5 Investigations for Knee Tendinopathy
References
Chapter 22: Quadriceps Tendinopathy
22.1 Clinical Symptoms of Quadriceps Tendinopathy
22.2 Clinical Signs of Quadriceps Tendinopathy
22.3 Investigations for Quadriceps Tendinopathy
22.4 Management of Quadriceps Tendinopathy
22.4.1 Non-surgical Interventions [19–21]
22.4.2 Surgical Interventions [22, 23]
References
Chapter 23: Patellar Tendon Tendinopathy
23.1 Pathogenesis
23.2 Risk Factors for Patellar Tendinopathy
23.3 Clinical Symptoms of Patellar Tendon Tendinopathy
23.4 Clinical Signs of Patellar Tendon Tendinopathy
23.5 Investigations for Patellar Tendon Tendinopathy
23.6 Management of Patellar Tendon Tendinopathy
23.6.1 Non-surgical Interventions [16–25]
23.6.2 Surgical Interventions [26–32]
References
Chapter 24: Hamstring Tendon Tendinopathy
24.1 Clinical Symptoms of Hamstring Tendon Tendinopathy
24.2 Clinical Signs of Hamstring Tendon Tendinopathy
24.3 Investigations for Hamstring Tendon Tendinopathy
24.4 Management of Hamstring Tendon Tendinopathy
24.4.1 Non-surgical Interventions
24.4.2 Surgical Interventions [2, 10]
References
Chapter 25: Calcific Tendinopathy/Ligamentopathy
25.1 Pathophysiology of Calcific Tendinopathy
25.2 Clinical Symptoms of Calcific Tendinopathy
25.3 Clinical Signs of Calcific Tendinopathy
25.4 Investigations for Calcific Tendinopathy
25.5 Management of Calcific Tendinopathy
25.5.1 Non-surgical [21–23]
25.5.2 Surgical [24, 25]
25.6 Pellegrini-Stieda Disease
References
Chapter 26: Iliotibial Band Syndrome
26.1 Clinical Symptoms of ITB Syndrome
26.2 Clinical Signs of ITB Syndrome
26.3 Investigations for ITB Syndrome
26.4 Management of ITB Syndrome [1, 14–18]
26.4.1 Non-surgical
26.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 27: Quadriceps Tears
27.1 Causes of Quadriceps Tears [1–17]
27.1.1 Factors Predisposing to Quadriceps Tears
27.2 Description of Quadriceps Tears
27.3 Demographics of Quadriceps Tears
27.4 Clinical Symptoms of Quadriceps Tears
27.5 Clinical Signs of Quadriceps Tears
27.6 Investigations for Quadriceps Tears
27.7 Management of Quadriceps Tears [27–41]
27.7.1 Non-surgical
27.7.2 Surgical
27.7.2.1 Quadriceps Tendon Repair
27.7.2.2 Tendon Repair Augmentation
27.7.2.3 Tendon Lengthening
27.7.2.4 Tendon Bridging
References
Chapter 28: Patellar Tendon Tears
28.1 Causes of Patellar Tendon Tears [1–13]
28.1.1 Factors Predisposing to Patellar Tendon Tears
28.2 Description of Patellar Tendon Tears
28.3 Demographics of Patellar Tendon Tears [14]
28.3.1 Clinical Symptoms of Patellar Tendon Tears
28.3.2 Clinical Signs of Patellar Tendon Tears
28.4 Investigations for Patellar Tendon Tears
28.5 Management of Patellar Tendon Tears [15–27]
28.5.1 Non-surgical
28.5.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 29: Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis
29.1 Demographics of Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis
29.2 Clinical Symptoms of Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis
29.3 Clinical Signs of Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis
29.4 Investigations for Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis
29.5 Management of Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis [8–16]
29.5.1 Non-surgical
29.5.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 30: Fabella Pain Syndrome
30.1 Clinical Symptoms of Fabella Pain Syndrome
30.2 Clinical Signs of Fabella Pain Syndrome
30.3 Investigations for Fabella Pain Syndrome [16–19]
30.4 Management of Fabella Pain Syndrome [20–25]
30.4.1 Non-surgical
30.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 31: Knee Tendon Snapping Syndrome
31.1 Snapping of Knee Tendons
31.2 Causes of Snapping Tendons
31.3 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Tendon Snapping Syndrome
31.4 Clinical Signs of Knee Tendon Snapping Syndrome
31.5 Investigations for Knee Tendon Snapping Syndrome [21, 22]
31.6 Management of Knee Tendon Snapping Syndrome
31.6.1 Non-surgical: Successful in Most Cases
31.6.2 Surgical (Open or Arthroscopic)
References
Chapter 32: Knee Intra-articular Snapping Syndrome
32.1 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Intra-articular Snapping Syndrome
32.2 Clinical Signs of Knee Intra-articular Snapping Syndrome
32.3 Investigations for Knee Intra-articular Snapping Syndrome
32.4 Management of Knee Intra-articular Snapping Syndrome
32.4.1 Non-surgical
32.4.2 Surgical (Open or Arthroscopic) [9–12]
References
Chapter 33: Meniscal Tears
33.1 Causes of Meniscal Tears
33.2 Description of Meniscal Tears
33.3 Demographics of Meniscal Tears [16–20]
33.4 Clinical Symptoms of Meniscal Tears
33.5 Clinical Signs of Meniscal Tears
33.6 Investigations for Meniscal Tears [21–26]
33.7 Management of Meniscal Tears [27–35]
33.7.1 Treatment for Pain
33.7.1.1 Non-surgical
33.7.1.2 Surgical
33.7.2 Treatment for Locking
33.7.2.1 Non-surgical
33.7.2.2 Surgical
33.8 Meniscal Root Tear
33.9 Meniscal Extrusion
References
Chapter 34: Discoid Meniscus Syndrome
34.1 Demographics of Discoid Meniscus
34.2 Classification of Discoid Meniscus
34.3 Clinical Symptoms of Discoid Meniscus
34.4 Clinical Signs of Discoid Meniscus
34.5 Investigations for Discoid Meniscus
34.6 Management of Discoid Meniscus
34.6.1 Treatment for Pain
34.6.1.1 Non-surgical [15, 16]
34.6.1.2 Surgical [17–20]
34.6.2 Treatment for Locking
34.6.2.1 Non-surgical
34.6.2.2 Surgical
34.7 Prognosis
References
Chapter 35: Parameniscal Cysts
35.1 Clinical Symptoms of Parameniscal Cysts
35.2 Clinical Signs of Parameniscal Cysts
35.3 Investigations for Parameniscal Cysts
35.4 Management of Parameniscal Cysts
35.4.1 Non-surgical
35.4.2 Surgical [9–11]
References
Chapter 36: Meniscal Deficiency Knee Syndrome
36.1 Clinical Symptoms of Meniscal Deficiency Knee Syndrome
36.2 Clinical Signs of Meniscal Deficiency Knee Syndrome
36.3 Investigations for Meniscal Deficiency Knee Syndrome
36.4 Management of Meniscal Deficiency Knee Syndrome
36.4.1 Non-surgical
36.4.2 Surgical [3–12]
References
Chapter 37: Medial Plica Syndrome
37.1 Clinical Symptoms of Medial Plica Syndrome
37.2 Clinical Signs of Medial Plica Syndrome
37.3 Investigations for Medial Plica Syndrome [8, 9]
37.4 Management of Medial Plica Syndrome
37.4.1 Non-surgical [10, 11]
37.4.2 Surgical Management [12, 13]
References
Chapter 38: Suprapatellar Plica Syndrome
38.1 Clinical Symptoms of Suprapatellar Plica Syndrome
38.2 Clinical Signs of Suprapatellar Plica Syndrome
38.3 Investigations for Suprapatellar Plica Syndrome
38.4 Management of Suprapatellar Plica Syndrome
38.4.1 Non-surgical Management
38.4.2 Surgical Management
References
Chapter 39: Infrapatellar Plica Syndrome
39.1 Clinical Symptoms of Infrapatellar Plica Syndrome
39.2 Clinical Signs of Infrapatellar Plica Syndrome
39.3 Investigations for Infrapatellar Plica Syndrome
39.4 Management of Infrapatellar Plica Syndrome
39.4.1 Non-surgical
39.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 40: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
40.1 Clinical Symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
40.2 Clinical Signs of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
40.3 Investigations for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
40.4 Management of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome [16–49]
40.4.1 Non-surgical
40.4.2 Surgical
40.5 Natural History of PF Pain
References
Chapter 41: Infrapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
41.1 Clinical Symptoms of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
41.2 Clinical Signs of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
41.3 Investigations for Infrapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction [11–13]
41.4 Management of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction [13–15]
41.4.1 Non-surgical
41.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 42: Suprapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
42.1 Clinical Symptoms of Suprapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
42.2 Clinical Signs of Suprapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
42.3 Investigations for Suprapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction [5–8]
42.4 Management of Suprapatellar Fat Pad Dysfunction
42.4.1 Non-surgical [9]
42.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 43: Prefemoral Fat Pad Dysfunction
43.1 Clinical Symptoms of Prefemoral Fat Pad Dysfunction
43.2 Clinical Signs of Prefemoral Fat Pad Dysfunction
43.3 Investigations for Prefemoral Fat Pad Dysfunction
43.4 Management of Prefemoral Fat Pad Dysfunction
43.4.1 Non-surgical
43.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 44: Patellar Tendon Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome
44.1 Clinical Symptoms of Patellar Tendon Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome
44.2 Clinical Signs of Patellar Tendon Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome
44.3 Investigations for Patellar Tendon Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome
44.4 Management of Patellar Tendon Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome
44.4.1 Non-surgical
44.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 45: Bipartite/Tripartite Patella Pain Syndrome
45.1 Demographics of Bipartite Patella
45.2 Classification
45.3 Clinical Symptoms of Bipartite Patella
45.4 Clinical Signs of Bipartite Patella
45.5 Investigations for Bipartite Patella
45.6 Management of Bipartite Patella
45.6.1 Non-surgical [8, 9]
45.6.2 Surgical [10–15]
45.7 Prognosis of Treatment of Bipartite Patella
References
Chapter 46: Knee Bursal Dysfunction
46.1 Clinical Symptoms of Bursal Dysfunction
46.2 Clinical Signs of Bursal Dysfunction
46.3 Investigations for Bursal Dysfunction [41–45]
46.4 Management of Bursal Dysfunction [46–57]
46.4.1 Non-surgical
46.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 47: Osteonecrosis of the Knee
47.1 Causes of Osteonecrosis of the Knee [7–42]
47.2 Demographics [8, 9]
47.3 Distribution of Osteonecrosis
47.4 Pathogenesis
47.5 Clinical Symptoms of Osteonecrosis of the Knee
47.6 Clinical Signs of Osteonecrosis of the Knee
47.7 Investigations for Osteonecrosis of the Knee
47.8 Classification of SPONK
47.9 Management of Osteonecrosis of the Knee
47.9.1 Non-surgical [43–49]
47.9.2 Surgical [46, 50–61]
47.10 Natural History of Osteonecrosis of the Knee [62–68]
47.10.1 SPONK
47.10.2 Secondary Osteonecrosis
References
Chapter 48: Chondral Disruption of the Knee
48.1 Causes of Cartilage Loss
48.2 Classification of Chondral Disruption
48.2.1 Outerbridge Classification of Chondral Dysfunction
48.3 Demographics of Articular Cartilage Disruption [2–6]
48.4 Clinical Symptoms of Articular Cartilage Disruption
48.5 Clinical Signs of Articular Cartilage disruption [6, 7]
48.6 Investigations for Articular Cartilage Disruption
48.7 Management of Localised Chondral Disruption
48.7.1 Non-surgical [8–10]
48.7.2 Surgical [11–22]
References
Chapter 49: Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee
49.1 Demographics of Osteochondritis Dissecans [8, 9]
49.2 Pathogenesis of Osteochondritis Dissecans
49.3 Clinical Symptoms of Osteochondritis Dissecans
49.4 Clinical Signs of Osteochondritis Dissecans
49.5 Investigations for Osteochondritis Dissecans
49.6 Classification of Osteochondritis Dissecans
49.6.1 Dipaola MRI Classification of Osteochondritis Dissecans [14]
49.6.2 Macroscopic (Arthroscopic) ICRS Classification [18]
49.7 Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans
49.7.1 Non-surgical
49.7.2 Surgical
49.8 Natural History of Osteochondritis Dissecans [35–37]
References
Chapter 50: Knee Arthritis
50.1 Osteoarthritis Compartment Involvement
50.2 Causes of OA
50.3 Pathogenesis of OA
50.4 Clinical Symptoms of Knee OA
50.5 Clinical Signs of Knee OA
50.6 Investigations for Osteoarthritis
50.7 Clinical Phenotypes of Knee OA
50.8 Management of Knee OA
50.8.1 Non-surgical [26–32]
50.8.2 Surgical [33–83]
50.9 Knee Replacement Arthroplasty for Knee OA
50.9.1 Tibiofemoral UKR
50.9.2 Patellofemoral Replacement Arthroplasty
50.9.3 Bicompartmental Knee arthroplasty [53–56]
50.10 Osteotomy for Medial Compartment OA—Varus Knee
50.10.1 HTO Techniques
50.11 Osteotomy for Lateral Compartment OA—Valgus Knee
50.11.1 DFO Techniques
50.12 HTO vs. UKR
50.13 UKR vs. Osteotomy vs. TKR
50.14 Complications of Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
50.15 Outcomes of TKR
50.16 Managing Stairs Following TKR
50.17 Kneeling Following TKR
50.18 Complex Primary TKR
50.18.1 Lower Limb Vascular Disease
50.18.2 Previous Knee Scars
50.18.3 Knee Instability
50.18.4 Lower Limb Malalignment
50.18.5 Knee Stiffness
50.18.6 Bone loss [82]
50.18.7 Patellofemoral Disruption
50.19 Instability in Knee OA [90, 91]
50.20 Acute Flare Ups in Knee OA [92–96]
References
Chapter 51: Painful Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
51.1 Differential Diagnosis of Painful Knee Arthroplasty
51.2 Clinical Symptoms of Painful Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
51.3 Clinical Signs
51.4 Investigations for the Painful Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
51.5 Management of Painful Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
51.5.1 Non-surgical
51.5.2 Surgical [14–30]
51.5.2.1 Stiffness
51.5.2.2 Instability
51.5.2.3 Infection
51.5.2.4 Arthritis Progression
51.5.2.5 Loosening/Wear
References
Chapter 52: Instability in Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
52.1 Describing Knee Instability
52.2 Causes of Knee Instability
52.2.1 Static
52.2.2 Dynamic
52.3 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Instability
52.4 Clinical Signs of Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Instability
52.5 Investigations for Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Instability
52.6 Management of Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Instability
52.6.1 Non-surgical
52.6.2 Surgical
52.6.3 Tibiofemoral Instability Following Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
52.6.4 Patellofemoral Instability Following Knee Replacement Arthroplasty
References
Chapter 53: Synovial Chondromatosis of the Knee
53.1 Clinical Symptoms of Synovial Chondromatosis
53.2 Clinical Signs of Synovial Chondromatosis
53.3 Investigations for Synovial Chondromatosis [12–14]
53.4 Differential Diagnosis of Synovial Chondromatosis
53.5 Management of Synovial Chondromatosis
53.5.1 Non-surgical
53.5.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 54: Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee
54.1 Clinical Symptoms of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
54.2 Clinical Signs of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
54.3 Investigations for Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
54.4 Differential Diagnosis of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
54.5 Management of Pigmented Villonodular synovitis [15–26]
54.5.1 Non-surgical
54.5.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 55: Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Arthropathy
55.1 Clinical Symptoms of Tibiofibular Joint Arthropathy
55.2 Clinical Signs of Tibiofibular Joint Arthropathy
55.3 Investigations for Tibiofibular Joint Arthropathy
55.4 Management of Tibiofibular Joint Arthropathy
55.4.1 Non-surgical
55.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 56: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Knee Instability
56.1 Causes of ACL Instability [1–16]
56.2 Risk Factors for ACL Disruption
56.3 Intra-articular Disruptions Associated with ACL Tears
56.4 Effects of ACL Disruption
56.5 Clinical History of a Traumatic Event
56.6 Clinical Symptoms of ACL Instability
56.7 Clinical Signs of ACL Instability
56.8 Investigations for ACL Instability
56.9 Management of ACL instability [17–38]
56.9.1 Non-surgical
56.9.2 Surgical
56.10 ACL Extra-Articular Procedures [40–43]
56.11 Considerations in the Management of Post-Traumatic ACL Deficiency
56.11.1 Natural History
56.11.2 Timing of Encountering the ACL Instability Patient
56.11.3 Timing of ACL Reconstruction
56.11.4 ACL Disruption in Older Age
56.11.5 ACL Disruption Associated with a Meniscal Tear
56.11.6 ACL Disruption Associated with Malalignment
56.11.7 ACL Disruption Associated with Osteoarthritis
56.12 Return to Sports Following ACL Reconstruction [37, 67]
References
Chapter 57: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Knee Instability
57.1 Causes of PCL Instability [1–9]
57.2 Effects of PCL Disruption
57.2.1 Intra-articular Disruptions Associated with a PCL Tear
57.3 Clinical History of a Traumatic Event
57.4 Clinical Symptoms of PCL Instability
57.5 Clinical Signs of PCL Instability
57.6 Investigations for PCL Instability [12–18]
57.7 Management of PCL Instability [19–27]
57.7.1 Non-surgical
57.7.2 Surgical
57.8 Considerations in the Management of Post-Traumatic PCL Deficiency
57.8.1 Natural History of PCL Disruption
57.8.2 Timing of Encountering the Patient
57.8.3 Timing of PCL Reconstruction
57.8.4 Associated Injuries
57.8.5 PCL Disruption Associated with Arthritis
57.8.6 PCL Disruption Associated with Malalignment [34–37]
57.9 Return to Sports Following PCL Non-surgical and Surgical Management
References
Chapter 58: Medial Collateral Ligament Knee Instability
58.1 Causes of Medial Collateral Ligament Instability [1–7]
58.2 Effects of Medial Collateral Ligament Disruption
58.3 Clinical History of a Traumatic Event
58.4 Clinical Symptoms of Medial Collateral Ligament Instability
58.5 Clinical Signs of Medial Collateral Ligament Instability
58.6 Investigations for MCL Instability
58.7 Management of MCL Instability [8–29]
58.7.1 Non-surgical
58.7.2 Surgical
58.8 Considerations in the Management of Post-Traumatic MCL Deficiency
58.8.1 Natural History
58.8.2 Timing of Encountering the Patient
58.8.3 MCL Disruption Associated with Malalignemnt [30, 31]
References
Chapter 59: Posterolateral Corner Ligament Knee Instability
59.1 Causes of Posterolateral Corner Ligament Instability [1–4]
59.2 Classification of Posterolateral Corner Ligament Instability
59.3 Effects of Posterolateral Ligament Disruption
59.4 Clinical History of Trauma in Posterolateral Corner Ligament Instability
59.5 Clinical Symptoms of Posterolateral Corner Ligament Instability
59.6 Clinical Signs of Posterolateral Corner Ligament Instability [6]
59.7 Investigations for Posterolateral Corner Ligament Instability
59.8 Management of PLC Instability
59.8.1 Non-surgical [9–11]
59.8.2 Surgical [12–22]
59.9 Considerations in the Management of Post-Traumatic Posterolateral Corner Deficiency
59.9.1 Natural History [17–20]
59.9.2 Timing of Encountering the Patient
59.9.3 PLC Disruption Associated with Malalignment [21, 22]
References
Chapter 60: Multiligament Knee Instability
60.1 Causes of Multiligament Knee Instability [1–6]
60.2 Effects of Multiligament Disruption
60.3 Timing of Encountering the Patient
60.4 Clinical History of a Traumatic Event in Multiligament Knee Instability
60.5 Clinical Symptoms of Multiligament Knee Instability
60.6 Clinical Signs of Multiligament Knee Instability
60.7 Investigations for Multiligament Knee Instability
60.8 Management of Multiligament Knee Instability
60.8.1 Acute Presentation
60.8.2 Chronic Presentation
60.8.3 Non-surgical
60.8.4 Surgical
60.9 Considerations in the Management of Multiligament Knee Instability
60.9.1 Surgical Management for All vs. Some of the Ligaments
60.9.2 Multiligament Knee Instability Associated with Malalignment
60.10 Prognosis of Multiligament Knee Instability
References
Chapter 61: Patellofemoral Instability
61.1 Spectrum of Patellofemoral Instability
61.2 Causes of Patellofemoral Instability
61.3 Clinical Symptoms of Patellofemoral Instability
61.4 Clinical Signs of Patellofemoral Instability
61.5 Investigations for Patellofemoral Instability [14–22]
61.5.1 Sagittal Evaluation
61.5.2 Coronal Evaluation
61.5.3 Axial Evaluation
61.6 Management of Patellofemoral Instability [22–56]
61.6.1 Non-surgical
61.6.2 Surgical
61.7 Special Situations of Patellofemoral Instability
61.7.1 First Time Patellar Dislocator [57–62]
61.7.2 Instability vs. Hyperlaxity
61.8 Medial Patellofemoral Instability
61.8.1 Causes
61.8.2 Clinical Symptoms
61.8.3 Clinical Signs
61.8.4 Management
61.8.4.1 Non-surgical
61.8.4.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 62: Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability
62.1 Causes of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability [1–8]
62.2 Clinical History of a Traumatic Event
62.3 Clinical Symptoms of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability
62.4 Clinical Signs of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability
62.5 Investigations for Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability [9–12]
62.6 Management of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability [13–20]
62.6.1 Non-surgical
62.6.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 63: Knee Hyperextension: Recurvatum
63.1 Clinical Symptoms of Knee Hyperextension—Recurvatum
63.2 Clinical Signs of Knee Hyperextension—Recurvatum
63.3 Management of Knee Hyperextension—Recurvatum [22–47]
63.3.1 Non-surgical
63.3.2 Surgical
63.4 Clinical Significance of Knee Hyperextension—Recurvatum
References
Chapter 64: Post-Traumatic Knee Stiffness
64.1 Clinical Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stiffness
64.2 Clinical Signs of Post-Traumatic Stiffness
64.3 Investigations for Post-Traumatic Stiffness
64.4 Differential Diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stiffness
64.5 Management of Post-Traumatic stiffness [10–17]
64.5.1 Non-surgical
64.5.2 Surgical
References
Chapter 65: Common Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
65.1 Causes of Common Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
65.2 Clinical Symptoms of CPN Dysfunction
65.3 Clinical Signs of CPN Nerve Dysfunction
65.4 Investigations for CPN Dysfunction [52–54]
65.5 Management of CPN Dysfunction [55–66]
References
Chapter 66: Superficial Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
66.1 Causes of Superficial Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
66.2 Clinical Symptoms of SPN Dysfunction
66.3 Clinical Signs of SPN Dysfunction
66.4 Investigations for Superficial Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction [25, 26]
66.5 Management of Superficial Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction [27–29]
References
Chapter 67: Deep Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
67.1 Causes of Deep Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
67.2 Clinical Symptoms of Deep Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
67.3 Clinical Signs of Deep Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
67.4 Investigations for Deep Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction
67.5 Management of Deep Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction [17–21]
References
Chapter 68: Tibial Nerve Dysfunction
68.1 Causes of Tibial Nerve Dysfunction
68.2 Clinical Symptoms of Tibial Nerve Dysfunction
68.3 Clinical Signs of Tibial Nerve Dysfunction
68.4 Investigations for Tibial Nerve Dysfunction
68.5 Management of Tibial Nerve Dysfunction [28–32]
References
Chapter 69: Saphenous Nerve Dysfunction
69.1 Causes of Saphenous Nerve Dysfunction
69.2 Clinical Symptoms of Saphenous Nerve Dysfunction
69.3 Clinical Signs of Saphenous Nerve Dysfunction
69.4 Investigations for Saphenous Nerve Dysfunction [22, 23]
69.5 Management of Saphenous Nerve Dysfunction [17–21, 24–26]
References
Chapter 70: Infrapatellar Nerve Dysfunction
70.1 Causes of Infrapatellar Nerve Dysfunction
70.2 Clinical Symptoms of Infrapatellar Nerve Dysfunction
70.3 Clinical Signs of Infrapatellar Nerve Dysfunction
70.4 Investigations for Infrapatellar Nerve Dysfunction [15, 16]
70.5 Management of Infrapatellar Nerve Dysfunction [17–20]
References
Chapter 71: Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
71.1 Causes of Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
71.2 Clinical Symptoms of Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
71.3 Clinical Signs of Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
71.4 Investigations for Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
71.5 Management of Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
References
Chapter 72: Myofascial Trigger Points of the Knee
72.1 Clinical Symptoms of Myofasial Trigger Points
72.2 Clinical Signs of Myofascial Trigger Points
72.3 Investigations for Myofasial Trigger Points
72.4 Management of Myofascial Trigger Points [11–20]
Reference