دانلود کتاب India: Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries از انتشارات اسپرینگر

Climate change will lead to many changes in global development and security especially energy, water, food, society, job, diplomacy, culture, economy and trade. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as: “Any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.” Global climate change has emerged as a key issue in both political and economic arenas. It is an increasingly questioned phenomenon, and progressive national governments around the world have started taking action to respond to these environmental concerns. This book discusses the issue of food and water security in India under the context of climate change. It provides information to scientists and local government to help them better understand the particularities of the local climate. It offers insight into the changes to natural ecosystems which have affected the local Indian population. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges to Indian society. It can lead to serious impacts on production, life and the environment. Higher temperatures and sea level rise can lead to flooding and cause water salinity problems which bring about negative effects on agriculture and high risks to industry and socio-economic systems in the future.

Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: New Challenges on Natural Resources and their Impact on Climate Change in the Indian Context
Introduction
Natural Resources in India
Water Resources
Mineral Resources
Forest, Food, and Agriculture
Land and Soil
Energy
Energy Status of India
Global Warming and Climate Change
Future of India in the Twenty-First Century
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Regional Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change: A Statistical Downscaling Approach
Introduction
Regional-Scale Assessment
Climate Change: Indian Scenario
Climate Change: Regional Scenario
Historical Trend Analysis
Trends in Maximum Temperature
Rainfall Trends
Materials and Methods
Statistical Downscaling
Change Factor
Results and Discussion
Temperature and Precipitation Analysis
Maximum Temperature Projections over the Bhima Sub-Basin
Rainfall Projections
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Flood Risk Assessment for a Medium Size City Using Geospatial Techniques with Integrated Flood Models
Introduction
Encroachment on Floodplains
Land Use Change
Urban Flooding
Rational Method
Structural and Nonstructural Measures
Flood Inundation Modeling
Modeling Urban Drainage Systems
Sustainable Drainage Systems
Integrated Flood Management System
Distributed Flow Routing
Trend Analysis of Rainfall
Frequency Analysis of Rainfall
Goodness-of-Fit Test for Different Probability Distribution Methods
Estimation of Short-Duration Rainfall
Derivation of Intensity Duration Frequency Equations
LULC Analysis
SCS-CN Approach
Rainfall-Runoff Model: HEC-HMS
Selection of Hydrologic Model
General Applicability and Limitations
Hydraulic Model-HEC RAS
Data Requirements
Applications and Limitations of HEC-RAS
Case Studies in India
Mumbai
Guwahati
Bengaluru
Hyderabad
Chennai
International Level
Hafr Al-Batin City
Dhaka City
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
West Bank of Palestine
Marand Basin, Iran
South Carolina
European Union
Cities in Germany
Riyadh City
Motivation of the Present Chapter
Objectives of the Study
Scope of the Study
Study Area
Methodology Adopted for the Study
Data Collection and Processing
Rainfall Analysis
Image Classification from LULC
LULC Pattern Analysis from 1986 to 2016
Forecasting Future Land Use/Land Cover Analysis from 2026 to 2036
SCS-CN Method
Development of Hydrologic Soil Map
SCS-CN Approach for Runoff Calculations
Assessment of Rainfall-Runoff Using the SCS CN Method
Results and Discussion
Estimation of Runoff Curve Numbers from Indian Conditions
Analysis of Runoff for Change in Different Years of Land Use Conditions
Development of Hydrologic Modeling for Koraiyar Basin
Digital Elevation Model of Study Area
Basin Model
Slope Classes of Koraiyar Basin
Calibration and Validation of HEC-HMS for Simulation of Flood Events
Hydraulic Model for Koraiyar Basin
Processing of Hydraulic Modeling
Generation of Floodplain Maps
Delineation of Flood Hazard Maps
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Fruit Crops
Introduction
Optimum Climate for Major Fruit Crops
Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Crops
Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Grape (Vitis vinifera)
Banana (Musa spp.)
Citrus (Citrus spp.)
Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
Apple (Malus spp.)
Other Temperate Fruit Crops
Strategies to Cope with Climate Change and Adaptation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Evaluating Adaptation Strategies to Coastal Multihazards in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India, Using Composite Ada...
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Study Area
Preparation of Database
Analytical Framework for Adaptation Strategies
Adaptation Strategies for Climate Extreme Events
Adaptation Measures for Changes in Economic Activities
Household Coping Mechanisms
Composite Adaptation Strategies of SBR Villages
Results and Discussion
Household Socioeconomic Characteristics
Adaptation Strategies for Extreme Climate Events
Adaptation Measures of the Sampled Households for Changes in Economic Activities
Coping Mechanism of the Sampled Households
Screen Plot and PCA Varimax Rotation
Correlation Analysis Between Socioeconomic Conditions and the Adaptation Strategies
Composite Adaptation Index Using PCA
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Resource of India: A Geographical Appraisal
Introduction
Climate Change Scenario in India
Observed Trend of Climate Change in India
Projected Trend of Climate Change
Scenario of Groundwater Resources in India
Observed Changes in Groundwater Regimes in India
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater
Future Groundwater Scenario in India with Respect to Projected Climatic Change Trends
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Comparison of Classical Mann-Kendal Test and Graphical Innovative Trend Analysis for Analyzing Rainfall Changes in ...
Introduction
Study Area
Database
Methods
Innovative Trend Analysis
Mann-Kendall (MK)Test
Modified Mann-Kendall (mMK) Test
Sen´s Slope Estimator
Percent Bias
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Analysis of Annual Rainfall
Trends in Rainfall Pattern
Annual Rainfall
Pre-Monsoon Rainfall
Monsoon Rainfall
Post-Monsoon Rainfall
Winter Rainfall
Comparison of ITA with Z Statistics and Sen´s Slope
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Forest Phenology as an Indicator of Climate Change: Impact and Mitigation Strategies in India
Introduction
Climatic Factors Responsible for Plant Phenological Changes
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Temperature
Photoperiod
Precipitation
Impact of Climate Change on Tree Phenology
Impact on Leaf Phenology Caused by Climate Change
Impact on Reproductive Phenology Caused by Climate Change
Changes in Forest Phenology Influencing the Environmental and Ecological Functions of Tree Species
Change in Reproductive System
Effect on Plant-Pollinator Interactions
Effect on Plant Seed Dispersal
Effect on Diversity of Plants
Effect on Tourism and the Economy
Mitigation Strategies
Phenology as an Indicator of Climate Change
Enhancing Phenological Resilience
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Assessment of Stream Flow Impact on Physicochemical Properties of Water and Soil in Forest Hydrology Through Statis...
Introduction
Description of Study Area
Materials and Methods
Data Collection
Soil and Water Sampling
Data Analysis
Procedure
Results and Discussion
Analysis of Stream Flow
Impact of Runoff on Water and Soil Quality Analysis
Application of Principal Component Analysis in Water and Soil Quality Analysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Impact of Climate Extremes of El Nina and La Nina in Patterns of Seasonal Rainfall over Coastal Karnataka, India
Introduction
Methodology
Walker Circulation
Neutral Phase
El Nino
La Nina
Indian Ocean Dipole
Types of ENSO Indexes
Air Pressure Indexes
Sea Surface Temperature Indexes
Outgoing Longwave Radiation Indexes
Wind Indexes
Hadley Circulation
Impacts of ENSO on Hurricanes
Impact of ENSO on Global Average Temperature
Importance in Prediction of ENSO
Discussion
ENSO Effect on Peak Rainfall
ENSO Effect on Deficit Rainfall
References
Chapter 11: Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
Introduction
Applications and Status of Geothermal Energy in the World
Power Generation
Geothermal Energy and Mitigation
Mitigation in the Paris Agreement
GHG Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities from the Geothermal Industry
CCS and CCU
The Framework for Adaptation and Mitigation
Scenario Setup
Assessment Stage (Screening and Scoping)
Implementation Stage
Life Cycle Assessment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Trends and Pattern of Rainfall over Semiarid Sahibi Basin in Rajasthan, India
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Data Collection and Database Preparation
Methods
Identification of Excess and Deficit Rainfall Years
Calculation for Percent Change
Trend Detection Methods
Spatial Interpolation
Results and Discussion
Temporal Variations in Rainfall
Annual Variations
Seasonal Variations
Monthly Variations
Spatial Variations in Rainfall
Annual Variations
Seasonal Variations
Monthly Variations
Conc